'CITIZENS BATTLE AGAINST CORRUPTION" CIBAC

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CIBAC " cITIZENS bATTLE AGAINST cORRUPTOIN"

About CIBAC

History & Accomplishments

CIBAC is a multi-sectoral organization dedicated towards fighting graft, corruption and cronyism in government. It is made up of people bound together with the common belief that such diseases must be stamped out in order for true national development to commence.

Formed in 1997, CIBAC has grown into a nationwide organization through the efforts of the idealistic and dedicated men and women who compose it. But the fight against corruption is no easy task, it is for this reason that CIBAC continues its invitation for nationalistic, law-abiding and God-fearing citizens to join its cause and contribute towards ensuring a better future for our country.

CIBAC has continuously faced corruption head on. It is instrumental in the filing of cases against erring officials with the Ombudsman and other courts. It has also joined hands with other civic groups as petitioners in filing cases of plunder, graft and corruption, bribery, violations of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Government Employees, and perjury against known public officials. Primary among these is the impeachment complaint filed against former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada in 2000.

CIBAC has not limited its battle against corruption to the courts though. Since 1998, it has been an active participant in peaceful mass actions and mobilizations to reiterate its stand against all forms of corruption. It also continues to broaden its network of anti-corruption groups and agencies to intensify its campaign against corruption.

As a party-list member in the House of Representatives, CIBAC has taken a more active legislative stand on issues pertaining to good governance, transparency and honesty in the conduct of operations and management of both the public and private sectors, and promotion of the welfare of the marginalized sectors and interest groups, particularly the youth, women, overseas filipino wokers, rural communities, urban poor and labor.

Mission, Vision, Goals

The prevalence of corruption makes it difficult and sometimes impossible for government to address the true needs of the people. The Citizen's Battle Against Corruption is an organization dedicated towards the elimination of this disease in all levels of government. CIBAC believes that this could be best addressed through long term solutions that would make it difficult for officials to continue taking advantage of the people. At the same time, it also seeks to educate and inform people about corruption and provide an agency that would both hear and voice their concerns. To this end, CIBAC adopts the following as its general program of action to achieve its goals:

1. To assist in the exposure and prosecution of corrupt public officials and their cronies as well as to advocate transparency and fairness in all dealings by the government at all levels.
2. The people need to have their faith restored in government agencies viewed by many as nothing but crime syndicates out to plunder the country. To this end, CIBAC is proposing to initiate several projects that would act as deterrents to those government officials and personnel who would take advantage of the public's trust.
3. To promote a socially responsive, democratic political structure for a more effective administration and proper formulation of social, cultural and economic policy at all government levels. It follows that after addressing corruption in the government and all its agencies, these institutions would have more resources to perform their mandated tasks. More resources will certainly make policy implementation much easier, thus, the needs of the people will be better met.
4. To uphold the rule of law and a national philosophy that embodies the aspirations of the people and the nation. CIBAC does not advocate mob rule. While vigilance against corruption must always be foremost on its agenda, we recognize that only legal and constitutionally permissible measures are the means to enforce that vigilance

CIBAC Nominees

1. Emmanuel Joel J. Villanueva

2. Atty. Cinchona C. Gonzales

3. Atty. Armi Jane Borje

Your Representatives in the 14th Congress

EMMANUEL JOEL J. VILLANUEVA

Born on 02 August 1975, Emmanuel Joel Jose Villanueva became the youngest member of the House of Representatives (HOR) when he took his oath of office on February 6, 2002. He obtained his bachelor's degree in Commerce, major in Economics, from the University of Sto. Tomas in 1996. Afterwards, he completed a Special Studies Course in Business Administration from the Harvard University.

Even before becoming a solon, Rep. Joel (as he is more fondly referred to) had already been going around the country doing numerous humanitarian work and services. He has also been the Chairman of the Kristiyanong Kabataan para sa Bayan (KKB) [www.kkbmovement.org] since 1999.

Professionally, he has served as the Managing Director of the ZOE Broadcasting Network, Inc., and President of Chosen Freight (a forwarding company) and Vills Water Corporation.

Rep. Villanueva became deeply involved in politics during the Erap Resign Movement. Within a couple of weeks after Chavit Singson's disclosure, CIBAC's first nominee led a contingent in the Senate asking for the Former President's resignation. Later, CIBAC became a signatory on the impeachment complaint filed against former President Estrada.

On 04 March 2002, Rep. Villanueva was chosen as one of the Majority Leaders of the 12th Congress. . Aside from this, he was also chosen as member of twenty-three (23) standing and two (2) special committees of the House of Representatives.

Unfortunately, the failure of the Arroyo Administration to keep its promise to curb corruption and institute genuine reforms along with the anomalies and controversies that plagued PGMA's presidency disillusioned the young solon. In the 13th Congress, the young CIBAC representative sit with the Minority of the House as its youngest deputy minority leader where he continued to push for his advocacies for a corruption-free Philippines. As Deputy Minority Leader, Rep. Villanueva served as an ex-officio member of all House Committees.

Now in the 14th Congress, Rep. Villanueva is the Assistant Minority Floor Leader of the Commission on Appointments.

ATTY. CINCHONA C. CRUZ-GONZALES

CONG. CHONA: LARAWAN NG MASIGASIG NA LINGKOD NG BAYAN

Sa murang edad pa lamang ni CONGRESSWOMAN CINCHONA CRUZ-GONZALES, o mas kilala sa tawag na CONG. CHONA, ay kinakitaan na siya ng angking katalinuhan at kakayanan sa pamumuno (leadership) at kasipagan. Katunayan, bukod sa mga parangal na kanyang natanggap sa mga inter-school competitions, siya ay nagtapos bilang valedictorian sa Daang Hari Elementary School sa Navotas City. Patuloy niyang ipinamalas ang kanyang kakayahan sa pag-aaral at maging ang talento niya sa sining ng pagganap sa St. James Academy sa Malabon City, kung saan siya nagtapos ng haiskul. Sa gitna ng mga kaganapan ng EDSA People Power Revolution noong 1986, namulat sa kaisipan ni Cong. Chona ang responsibilidad ng mga lider ng pamahalaan, ang kanilang sagutin sa Diyos at Bayan, katuwiran, katarungan at kapangyarihan ng mamamayan habang tinatapos ang kursong AB Philosophy sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas (UST). Kaya naman nagpatuloy siya ng pag-aaral sa San Beda College of Law kung saan tinapos niya ang kursong Bachelor of Laws. Matapos maipasa ang isa sa tinaguriang pinakamahirap na pagsusulit sa bansa—Bar Examination—siya ay nagsimulang magtaguyod ng karapatan ng manggagawa, maralita at kababaihan kasama ang mga bata. Mula 1992 hanggang 1997, siya ay nagsilbi ding resource person sa isang on-the-air free legal counseling radio program sa DZRJ. Noong 2003, kanya muling pinalawig ang kanyang kaalaman nang siya’y nakibahagi sa Harvard Law School’s Program of Instructions for Lawyer. Naglingkod rin siya bilang abogado ng ating Republika at mamamayan sa Office of the Solicitor General sa loob ng 12 taon. Naging consultant din siya sa DENR sa maikling panahon.

Noong ika-14 ng Setyembre 2007, naiproklama si Cong. Chona bilang ikalawang kinatawan ng CIBAC Party List. Mula noon ay wala siyang sinayang na panahon para mapaglingkuran ang mga mamamayan na nagluklok sa kanya sa pwesto. Sa ngayon ay mayroon na siyang nasumiteng 17 House Bills (HB) na naglalayong matugunan ang pangangailangan ng iba’t ibang sektor ng lipunan. Kabilang dito ang HB 997 na kung maisasabatas ay magbibigay ng pagkakataon sa publiko na malayang makita at maunawaan ang mga transaksyon ng pamahalaan; HB 3364 na nagsusulong na maipaunawa sa mamamayan ang mga panganib na dulot ng paninigarilyo sa pamamagitan ng pagpapakita ng mga angkop na larawan; HB 4080 na naghahangad na mabigyan ng proteksyon ang mga taong may angking katapangan na ilantad ang korupsyon at pagnanakaw sa kaban ng bayan; HB 4273 na nagtitiyak ng pantay sa pagtrato at oportunidad para sa mga kababaihan sa lipunan; HB 998 o Immorality, Pornography and Obscenity Deterrence (IPOD) Act na naglalayong parusahan ang mga gumagawa ng pornograpiya sa Internet; at co-author din siya ng OFW Credit Assistance.

Bukod dito ay mayroon na rin siyang nasumiteng 10 House Resolutions (HR) na naghihikayat sa Kongreso na talakayin at imbestigahan ang iba’t ibang isyung panlipunan. Kabilang dito ang HR 721 na isang panawagan sa Kongreso na imbestigahan ang suhulang naganap umano sa Court of Appeals ukol sa alitan sa pagitan ng pamilyang Lopez at GSIS para sa pagmamay-ari ng MERALCO; HR 556 na naglalayong imbestigahan ang talamak at ilegal na pagtatago ng bigas na siya marahil na dahilan ng hindi mapigilang pagtaas ng presyo nito sa merkado; HR 33 na nagpapa-imbestiga sa $21 milyon anti-corruption aid mula sa Millennium Challenge Corp. ng bansang Estados Unidos na naglalayong siguruhing walang bahid ng korupsyon ang transaksyong ito.

Sa kabila ng mga parangal, papuri at tagumpay na kanyang nakamit sa larangan ng abogasya at paglilingkod sa bayan, nanatiling nakalapat sa lupa ang mga paa ni Cong. Chona. Hindi niya kailanman hinayaang baguhin ng sistemang pulitikal ang kanyang payak at mapagpakumbabang pagkatao. Kaya naman hindi na nakapagtatakang madali siyang minahal at hinangaan ng mga kapwa-Kongresista, ka-opisina at maging mga kababayan na kanyang nakikilala tuwing siya ay naghahatid ng tulong sa kanila. Dahil sa kanyang angking katalinuhan, kasipagan, at kabutihan ng kalooban, walang dudang siya na nga ang bagong mukha ng tunay na lingkod ng bayan!

CIBAC Chief Legal Counsel

ATTY. SHERWIN TUGNA

Atty. Tugna was born in Manila, October 15, 1977; admitted to the Philippine Bar in 2007. He obtained his Juris Doctor degree from Ateneo de Manila School of Law in 2006. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Commerce, Major in Economics from the University of Santo Tomas. Prior to joining the firm, he worked as an associate lawyer in ACCRA and Puyat Jacinto & Santos Law Offices

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Elements of Communication

" ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION"

The three philosophical perspectives discussed above have differing conceptualizations of successful communication. Technical theories of communication looked for improvements in the transmission of the intended message and achievement of the intended effect. The focus in such research remained on channels and symbol systems. Psychological perspectives examined the development of cognitive processing abilities in individual communicators and the influence of their respective attitudes, beliefs, values, and knowledge on communication outcomes. The focus has been on the effects or outcomes of media experiences. Social-cultural perspectives saw social influences as the crux of communication. Individuals exist as parts of social networks. These social networks collectively give meaning to all aspects of communication.

From these theoretical perspectives, we can review the concepts that are included in current models of communication. Each of the major elements is discussed here, with a brief list and description of the significant variables developed in each of theoretical perspectives described above.

Sender/receiver relationships have become so interrelated as to be indistinguishable in recent psychological and social-cultural theories of communication. Among the important variables here are the individual communicator's knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values, goals, and interest. Also relevant are each communicator's group and social role memberships, as well as their perceptions of themselves and their relations with other people, These elements, combined with the communicative abilities of each sender/receiver, are but a short list of the elements behind the people engaging in communication.

Channels of communication, once confined to the technical realms of telephones, film, radio, and television, have been at once even more limited and expanded. Berlo (1960) confined signals to sensory channels, but in doing so opened the concept to intentional and unintentional communication through verbal and nonverbal, interpersonal, and mediated modes of interaction. Likewise, the forms of messages now include examinations of content, symbol systems, and the stylistic use of symbols. Ironically, through such theoretical developments, the clear distinction between channel and message is more ambiguous; that is, the medium is the message (McLuhan, 1964).

Perhaps the most significant theoretical development has been the explication of the communication context, or social situation. Andersen (1972) states that the setting of communicative events may be seen in two levels. The first is the general environment, including macro-level social attitudes and norms governing the form and content of communication, the number of communicators, the availability of given media channels, and the public or private nature of the setting (see also 7.3.5). The second is the communication-binding context, which refers to the very specific dimensions of a single communicative episode. This includes the exact time and place of the encounter, the social roles of the participants, the participants' perceptions of all the situational elements present during the encounter, and any complexities resulting from barriers in the symbol system or channel of communication (e.g., language barriers, technical difficulties in mass media). In short, context now refers to more than a time and place; it is the combination of these elements with the social status and relationships of all those seeking to communicate or share meaning (Heath & Bryant, 1992). Different kinds of contexts may overlap, such as viewing television programs in the small group setting of a family's living room. In such situations, rules of the communication-binding context are necessarily influenced by more than one set of general norms.

In the research orientations related to the three philosophical perspectives reviewed here, a transmission paradigm has clearly dominated communication models, particularly in the study of mass communication systems. The influence of the technical perspective, born of a concern for scientific efficiency and engineering quality, made examinations of human communication a problematic endeavor. Applications of mass media to learning environments have usually shared such concerns but have attempted to apply these theories to situations distinct from the traditional "one-to-many" Situations associated with mass communication. The settings of broadcast media reception and classroom education share some elements. Both contain carefully prepared and distributed messages, both operate in a more public than private sphere, in both cases the message 11 source" (broadcaster or teacher) carries some degree of Power (political or economic) over the "receivers."

Role of Realities in Communication

"THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY "

Coordinated interaction is intimately tied to our ability to create and maintain definitions of self and others ... these definitions are created by society and supported by communication. Most theorists suggest that the relationship between self, communication, and society is a complex, circular one. Social structures originally tell us who to be and how to communicate, but these structures depend on communication for their maintenance. Through communication we can act on and change the very structures that create us.
- Sarah Trentholm
If it is true that the meanings humans make of messages they receive strongly depend on what Berger and Luckmann call "the reality of everyday life" then it should be possible to find examples of situations in which the same message takes on different meanings to people whose "reality of everyday life is different." One way to test this theory might be to investigate the meanings that arise from messages distributed by the mass media.

For example, suppose that a message sent out over a television channel. The signal is received by many thousands of television sets, and it delivers the same data to each; that is, everyone who receives it is presented with exactly the same images and sounds. So, if different people take this text to have different meanings, these differences must arise within the minds of the people.

Suppose, then, that the evening news reports an announcement that a large chemical company has decided to open a plant in a certain town. What different meanings might this message take on?

To an unemployed worker it might mean the hope of finding a job,
To a real estate agent it might mean that the market for housing sales will improve,
To a member of the school board it might mean worrying about the possibility of larger class sizes in the local elementary and secondary schools,
To the town council it might mean a possible increase in corporate tax revenues,
To a environmentalist it might mean worrying about potential pollution problems,
And so on....
The meanings that people will make of this message arise in good part from the realities of their everyday lives. Berger and Luckmann point out that these realities are intersubjective -- which is to say that each person's meanings relate to, and to some extent depend on, the meanings of others. Thus, humans cannot escape the conclusion that their communication environment plays an active and important part in their lives. As another writer puts it:
Many of our apparently unique personal opinions are in fact derived from social conditioning by dominant codes of values transmitted by others, beginning in the cradle and including the media of family, school, and popular entertainment, rather than from personal and informed decisions that we actually made for ourselves.
- Wilden125

However, as Trentholm notes in the quotation that heads this section, it is not just that everyday reality affects our communication -- it is that our communication also affects everyday reality. This is what we mean when we speak of the social construction of reality -- that when we communicate, we participate in the building of the reality that we inhabit.

THE BERGER/LUCKMANN MODELSummary of the Model
Leopards break into the temple and drink to the dregs what is in the sacrificial pitchers; this is repeated over and over again; finally it can be calculated in advance, and it becomes part of the ceremony.
- Franz Kafka 1546
This model proposes a step-by-step process by which the members of a society construct the reality that they inhabit. In brief, Berger and Luckmann argue that some of people's personal habits become public, and that these shared habits eventually become so widely and strongly accepted that they are taken for granted, and passed on from generation to generation as always having been true.

HABITS
Any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern, which can then be reproduced with an economy of effort and which...is apprehended by its performer as that pattern.
- Berger and Luckmann
Habits arise naturally during the course of our lives. Consider, for example, our need to wash ourselves. While at home, we could take a bath or shower at any time. Yet, most of us develop a pattern of washing at a particular time -- in the morning after rising, perhaps, or in the evening before going to bed. The same is true of many other activities -- the path we take on the way to work, the manner in which we greet other people, certain words that we use in conversation, and so on. Even though many choices are available in these situations, we habitually tend to limit ourselves to a smaller set.

Rules of the Road

During communication, we notice the habits of others and they notice ours. Because habits repeat in certain situations, they reduce our mutual uncertainty as to each other's behavior, and they assist us in predicting each other's meanings and intended actions.

The most important gain is that each will be able to predict the other's actions.

Concomitantly, the interaction of both becomes predictable. The "There he goes again" becomes a "There we go again." This relieves both individuals of a considerable amount of tension. They save time and effort.... Their life together is now defined by a widening sphere of taken-for-granted routines. Many actions are now possible at a low level of attention.
- Berger and Luckmann 54

In this way habits become mutually useful.

Rules of the Road

Berger and Luckmann point out that as this goes on, we begin to "typify" our acquaintances -- that is, we identify people as being of certain types. For example, Shaq is "cosmopolitan," Sarah is "assertive," Martine is "intellectual," John is "compulsive." These types become part of our knowledge of our friends and acquaintances, and we employ them regularly as we interact.


INSTITUTIONS AND ROLES
Typifications formed during intimate face-to-face communication are based on our personal knowledge of the individuals. However, when we engage in many face-to-face encounters with people who we do not know very well, our typifications are not based on intimacy but on our expectation of the function of the encounter. For example
If the person who delivers our mail knocks on the door, we expect to have a conversation about the delivery of a package or an amount of postage due or the like. Similarly, the postal worker expects us to be attentive and concerned and to accept the package or pay the postage or whatever.

If a police officer stops us while we are driving home from work, we expect to be asked to provide our driver's license and auto registration, to have the reason for the stoppage described to us, and to have a chance to respond. Similarly, the police officer expects us to have license and registration handy, to listen to the complaint, and to provide an explanation.

A clerk in a fast food restaurant expects to take the customer's order, provide the food, collect the money, give back the change, and say "have a nice day." Similarly, the customer expects to give the order, collect the food, give the money and collect the change, and hear the "have a nice day."


Knowledge of these "typical" patterns of behavior are shared among all of the members of the society, and the constant use of these mutually anticipated exchanges is what defines the society's institutions. In other words an institution is a widely repeated pattern of interaction during which the people involved relate to one another as types.

Rules of the Road

Fire fighters, for example, are expected to be courageous and dedicated, politicians to be friendly and open to compromise, bankers to be honest and cautious, and so on. These public, institutional types are called roles. Berger and Luckmann point out that within the context of an institution:

Both self and other can be apprehended as performers of objective, generally known actions, which are recurrent and repeatable by any actor of the appropriate type. ...By definition, these types are interchangeable.
- Berger and Luckmann 68

In other words roles allow us to separate the actions taken by the individual who is performing the role from his or her personality. Because of this, when we interact with someone in a role, we see ourselves as interacting not with a person but with the institution to which the role belongs. We do not, for example, get angry at the policeman who pulls us over for speeding, we get angry at the legal process that puts such restrictions on our speed. In this manner institutions become generally accepted as being real.

This means that the institutions that have now been crystallized are experienced as existing over and beyond the individuals who "happen to" embody them at the moment. In other words, the institutions are now experienced as possessing a reality of their own, a reality that confronts the individual as an external and coercive fact.
Berger and Luckmann 55 1543 1545


LEGITIMATION
But, of course, these institutions are real only in the minds of the people who have constructed them, and they will continue to be real only as long as people learn and properly make use of their roles. For this to occur, knowledge of institutions and their roles must be passed on to future generations. This occurs by means of the process of legitimation.
...there must be "explanations" and justifications of the salient elements of the institutional tradition. Legitimation is this process of "explaining" and justifying.
- Berger and Luckmann 86

This continual "explaining and justifying" of a society's institutions keeps them "normal" and acceptable to all concerned. Legitimation is an ongoing process, and as long as it is successful, the institutions will remain "permanent."

The transmission of the meaning of an institution is based on the social recognition of that institution as a "permanent" solution to a "permanent" problem of the given collectivity. Therefore, potential actors of institutionalized actions must be systematically acquainted with these meanings. This necessitates some form of "educational" process.
- Berger and Luckmann 1966, 65

For example, in American society children are taught how to behave in many venues: in church, at the mall, in other people's homes, in restaurants, and so on. By constantly teaching and reinforcing "proper" behavior, the members of a society perpetuate the society's institutions. 1544


REIFICATION
Remember that the habits that eventually become institutionalized originally begin as the habits of individuals. As more and more people adopt these behavior patterns, institutions form, and as the patterns are passed on to future generations, the institutions become legitimized and "permanent."
The objectivity of the institutional world "thickens" and "hardens," not only for the children, but for the parents as well. The "there we go again" now becomes "This is how these things are done."
Berger and Luckmann 1966, 55

If an institution remains permanent for a long period time, people may forget how it was created in the first place. In these cases people may begin to imagine that the institution has always existed; that it just "came to be" at some point in the past. This condition is known as reification, and such institutions are said to be reified.

Reification is the apprehension of human phenomena as if they were things, that is, in non-human or possibly suprahuman terms. Another way of saying this is that reification is the apprehension of the products of human activity as if they were something else than human products - such as facts of nature, results of cosmic laws, or manifestations of divine will.
- Berger and Luckmann 1966, 82

When institutions become reified, their roles do, too.

Roles may be reified in the same manner as institutions. The sector of self-consciousness that has been objectified in the role is then also apprehended as an inevitable fate, for which the individual may disclaim responsibility. The paradigmatic formula for this kind of reification is the statement "I have no choice in the matter, I have to act this way because of my position."
Berger and Luckmann 1966, 84

Once an institution has become reified, poeple relate to it and to its roles as if they were as real as anything found in nature. In the same sense that people expect on a drive into the desert to find sand and sun and few trees, they expect on a trip to the post office to find stamps and forms to fill out and people in line. Similarly, they expect the people in the post office -- the clerks behind the counter and the other people waiting in line -- to behave according to their roles. Generally, people do not think about this. Things have been this way as long as they can remember, and the see no need to image that they might change.

Rules of the Road


HISTORY AND CONTROL
Reified institutions provide a society with a sense of history. Reified religious institutions are so important in this regard that many societies use them to date their histories. The Christian 'BC' for "Before Christ" and 'AD' for "Anno Domini," for example, are institutional date marks that are used in U.S. society. The institution of the U.S. government is also synonymous with the nation's social history and actions of the government - e.g., The Civil War, World War I, the Apollo moon landings - are marked as a way of keeping track of the past. Institutional documents - birth certificates and college diplomas, for example - also serve in this regard.
Reified institutions also manifest themselves as societal rules which constrain the possible actions that people might take and thus control the processes of everyday life.

Institutions also, by the very fact of their existence, control human conduct by setting up predefined patterns of conduct, which channel it in one direction as against the many other directions that would theoretically be possible.
- Berger and Luckmann 52

Thus, economic institutions constrain the ways a society measures wealth, educational institutions constrain approaches to vocation and career, religious institutions constrain ethics and spiritual beliefs, and so on. The entirety of these institutional constraints is a "social reality" that is taken to be as real as the rocks and trees of the "natural" world.

Rules of the Road

1523

Summary of the Model


SOCIAL REALITY AND COMMUNICATION
In whatever culture we live and whatever our role in it, we must negotiate among a variety of events and objects. These include the normal activities of life and the social contexts in which they occur. ...The traditional way of coming to grips with them...assumes that these events and objects exist objectively and tangibly, that knowledge consists of more or less accurate descriptions of them, and that we "respond" to them or "cause" them to move/change by our actions. In short it treats the events and objects of the world as things that we find.
The alternative view shows the events and objects of the world as the products of human agency. Rather than "found things" existing independently in an objective world, events and objects as we know them are constructed by the continuing dialectic of interpretation and action. ...This view inverts the traditional assumption of the relationship between events/objects and communication. Rather than treating wars, economic depressions, and political systems as objective events within which or about which we might communicate, it takes them as instances of communication.... It is more productive to inquire why patterns of communication so often take the form we call "war" than to treat war as a found thing the probability of which is increased or decreased by specified amounts of communication.

Role of Perception in Communication

"COMMUNICATION"

Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another.

Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs".

How do people make sense of the words and images they get in messages?

research on perception and information processing can help us answerthis question.
Mass communicators want audiences to pay attention to their messages, learn the contents of the messages, and make appropriate changes in attitudesor beliefs or make desired behavioral responses. Perceptual theory tells us thatthe process of interpreting messages is complex and that these communicator goals may be to achieve. Perception has been defined as the process by which we interpret sensory data. Sensory data come to us through our five senses. Research has two types of influences on our perception: structural and functional. Structural influences on perception come from the physical aspects of the stimuli to which we are being exposed—for instance, the closer together a seriesof dots, the more they are seen as forming a line. Functional influences are thepsychological factors that influence perception, and therefore, introduce somesubjectivity into the process. Selective perception is the term applied to the tendency for people’s perception to be influenced by wants, needs, attitudes, and other psychological factors. Selective perception plays an important role in communication of any sort. Selective perception means that different people can react to the samemessage in very different ways. No communicator can assume that a messagewill have the intended meaning for all receivers or even that it will have thesame meaning for all receivers. This complicates our models of mass commu-nication. Perhaps mass communication is not just a matter of hitting a targetwith an arrow, as some models suggest. The message can reach the receiver (hitperception. The concept is abstract and somewhat philosophical, but essentiallyit means that both the perceiver and the world are active participants in an actof perception (Tech & MacLean, 1962).
The transactional thinkers have developed a number of convincing demon-
strations that perception is based on assumptions. One of the most striking,invented by Ames, Jr., is
the monocular distorted room. This
room is constructed
so
the rear wall is a trapezoid, with the vertical distance
up and down the left edge of the wall longer than the vertical distance up and down the right edge of the wall. The rear wall is positioned at an angle so that the left edge is farther back than the right edge. This angle is carefully selected so that the room will appear to be an ordinary rectangular room to an observer looking through a small hole at the front of the room. If two people walk into the room and stand in the rear corners, something interesting happens. The oneon the right appears to a viewer looking through the hole to be very largebecause he or she is closer to the viewer and fills most of the distance fromthe floor to the ceiling. The one on the left appears to be very small becausehe or she is farther away and fills less of the distance from the floor to theceiling. This illusion occurs because the mind of the viewer is assuming thatthe rear wall is parallel to the front wall of the room. This assumption is basedon prior experience with other rooms that looked similar. The illusion is sostrong that if the two people in the corners switch places, one will appear togrow larger and the other will appear to get smaller, right before the viewer’s eye.
Cultural Expectations and Perception Some of the most striking evidence for the influence of cultural expectations on perception comes from research on binocular rivalry (Bagby,
It is
possible to construct a device that has two eyepieces like a pair of binoculars, but can be used to present a different picture to each eye. When this is done,people seldom see both pictures. They more often see one picture and not theother or one picture and then the other. Sometimes they see a mixture of someelements of each picture, but this usually occurs after seeing one picture alonefirst. Bagby used this instrument to investigate the effect of cultural backgroundon perception.
Subjects were 12 Americans (6 males and 6 females) and 12 Mexicans (6
males and females). Except for one matched pair made up of a person from each country, the subjects had not traveled outside their own country. Bagby prepared ten pairs of photographic slides, each pair containing a picture fromthe American culture and a picture from the Mexican culture. One pair, forinstance, showed a
scene and a bullfight scene. Subjects were exposed
to each for
seconds and asked to describe what they saw. The assignment
of the Mexican or the American picture to the left or right eye was randomizedto eliminate
the effect of eye dominance.

Ways of Knowing

Because the Ways of Knowing are processes or activities so natural to students, their problematic aspects, worthy of reflection, do not come readily to conscious or critical attention. The senses, through perception, seemingly provide a window on the world as it really is, and the emotions have seldom been viewed as an integral aspect of human awareness and intelligence. Additionally, the acquisition of a first language occurs so easily for most people, and communication with others is so effortless, that the influence of language in shaping thought is seldom noticed. Finally, the appeal of a well-constructed argument can be sensed even without any formal training in logic or other forms of reasoning.

1. Perception

He who has been bitten by a snake fears a piece of string. (Persian proverb)

Because perception is the active, selective and interpretative process of recording or becoming conscious of the external world through sense experience, this experience should be examined and critically evaluated in order to become aware of the nature and power of perception, and how it relates to knowledge acquisition and knowledge claims, and its role in our attempts to make sense of the world.

A. Nature of Perception

• In what ways does the biological constitution of a living organism determine, influence or limit its perception?

• If humans are sensitive only to certain ranges of stimuli, what consequences, including limitations, might this have for the acquisition of knowledge?

• How does technology extend and modify the capabilities of the senses?

Determining Realities Outside Perception

"Perception"

-It is the mental proces through which we interpret that which we sense.

- Awareness of the things arounfd us

Kinds of Perception

* Passive Perception

* Past Experiences

- Physiological Factors

- Past Experiences

- Present Feelings and Circumstances

"The Power Of Perception"

How You Perceive ANY Situation Has No BearingOn The Fact That An Outcome Will ManifestAnd Be Experienced As A Result.
The Only Determining Factor Is WHATYou Will Experience As A Result Of That Perception
The Power Of Perception GUARANTEES It!!
The Power Of Perception enables one to perceive and experiencethe joy, beauty and splendor of life and yet another to perceiveand as a result experience something quite different
"If the doors of perception were cleansed, man would see everything as it is.... Infinite." William Blake
Fully Understanding The Power Of PerceptionIs An Essential Step In Becoming A Conscious,Intentional and Purposeful Creator Of Your LifeThe Power Of Perception is extremely important to understand in relationship to how and why you attract and come to experience the day to day life experiences in each area of life if you have a "sincere desire" to begin consciously and consistently creating desired outcomes.
How you perceive a situation, regardless of what that situation may consist of or which area of life it is, has a direct impact on the future results that you will come to experience as a result of that perception, or more specifically the emotions that are experienced as result of the perceptions that you hold.
First, to fully comprehend what a perception is, let's take a look at the precise meaning of perception as defined in the Merriam Webster Dictionary. It defines perception as.....
Perception : act of perceiving, 1 a : a result of perceiving : OBSERVATION b : a mental image : CONCEPT 2 obsolete : CONSCIOUSNESS 3 a : awareness of the elements of environment through physical sensation b : physical sensation interpreted in the light of experience 4 a : quick, acute, and intuitive cognition : APPRECIATION b : a capacity for comprehension.
Based on the above definition we can conclude that a perception, more importantly YOUR perception of something is an observation, interpretation, or a mental image that you hold with regard to some event, condition, or circumstance. In other words it is how you SEE things in the world around you.
How you have come to see things in the physical world has happened as a result of a belief that you have established at some point in the past. Many times those perceptions can be flawed depending on how it is that you arrived at them.
A very common perception among "unconscious creators" is that you perceive things the way you do because that is the way things are. Why would I refer to this as a "perceived truth" and not "Higher Truth?" Because the "Higher Truth" is that things are the the way they are because of how you "perceive" them to be.
The Power Of Perception GUARANTEES It...
In reality a perception is merely a belief. That perception is merely an individualized awareness based on a belief that you have established. If the belief is flawed or self limiting, the perception that you hold with regard to the belief held will be flawed and self limiting as well and the results that you experience will correlate precisely with what you "perceive" to be true.
In reality there exists no such thing as an "untruth." There do exist lower truths and Higher truths and your choice of which of these you choose to utilize does make it YOUR truth which unfolds in your life just as YOU believe it will.
So how is it that a perception that you hold can fall under the category of one of the all important Power Principles ? Because it is due to the perceptions that you hold regarding an event condition, or circumstance that will determine a future experience that you will encounter based on that perception and your willingness to recognize and accept how the Power of Perception can affect your world in whichever way YOU choose will provide you with a sense of power and assurance that FAR exceeds the "mass consciousness" of the planet.
Science has proven and clearly documented this fact. (See Quantum Physics) The greatest and most insightful spiritual teachers since the beginning of man have taught it, as well as documented it in numerous spiritual texts throughout history. ( Reference those here)
For an in depth understanding of the Power Of Perception, the following video explains in detail just what a perception is and how the perceptions that you hold determine your outcomes from a more physiological viewpoint.
The intent of this article, The Power Of Perception, will attempt to show you in the simplest and most easy to understand way possible how important it is to see ALL that you encounter and experience in your life, regardless of how it may APPEAR at the time, ultimately unfolds precisely as you "perceive" that it will and serves as a means of growth which is designed to enable you to fully experience life based on the most precious gift that you could have ever been given...your inalienable right of free will.
Unfortunately, many times those perceptions can lead to unpleasant or uncomfortable physical conditions. But even during these times, there is always a lesson to be learned, something to be discovered and learned from that is designed to bring you back to the path of truth. Real truth.
What is that truth?
That you are a LIMITLESS and Infinite being existing in an Infinite and Limitless Universe with the ability to experience life in the way that YOU choose.
The Power Of Perception allows and enables you to discern which end of the polarity spectrum you will experience without judgment.
By developing this understanding and establishing it as a firm belief, and then fully expressing heartfelt gratitude for the growth that you are experiencing, you will become empowered to begin attracting more of those outcomes that are pleasing rather than more of that which you would rather not experience.
The point that should be noted is that how you perceive your life to be is precisely what you will attract to you and how you will experience life in the physical realm.
An in depth understanding of The Power of Perception will clearly provide you with an extremely enlightening and empowering level of Self Awareness of who and what you "truly" are and that you are the co-creator of your reality and how you "perceive" you will receive.
Discover the power of finding good in ANY situation. Develop the unshakable awareness that ALL things regardless of what they are or how they may APPEAR at the time, YOU are creating and that ALL happen for a greater purpose.
When you have successfully adopted and internalized this way of thinking you will have discovered the key to attracting and experiencing a life far more fulfilling than you have ever previously experienced or "perceived" as possible. You will have made one huge step forward in discovering how to consciously and purposefully begin designing and creating the life that you desire, deserve, and were created to enjoy.
Mastering the Power of Perception will enable you to achieve life/self mastery.
Your perception is merely what you believe to be true concerning any number of situations. Throughout life many of us are taught various things that later in life we many times begin to discover really weren't true at all. These things we'll label "Perceived Truth." These perceived truths although they very well may not be based on "Real Truth" are what we adjust our behaviors to, mentally, emotionally, physically and spiritually which determine the "effects" that we'll experience as a result.
To better illustrate let's refer to the following example…..
Think back many years ago when all of the people of the world were taught and believed that the earth was flat and that the sun, stars, moon etc. revolved around the earth. Although we now understand that even though those teachings were not based on real truth, they became the truth of those that believed them. Although not real truth, they were in fact a "perceived truth" of those that lived during that period.
Now consider for a moment the impact that had on the population of that time. It created fear that if one were to venture out to far, that they would fall of the edge of the earth never to be seen again!!
So what does that have to do with the power of perception and why would I mention that in this article? Simply because just as the people of that day had established a perceived truth concerning the shape of the earth which limited their ability to venture out and discover and experience all that was "Truly" available to them, you too currently hold onto beliefs that restrict you from venturing out and experiencing all that is your right to experience. Although MANY things are perceived to be true, they in fact aren't based on truth at all.
So how can you learn to differentiate perceived truth from real truth with regard to your life experience?
Quite simply....
If you are experiencing lack or hardship in the area of finances, you have a perception of truth with regard to finances, either at a conscious or subconscious level that is creating that situation for you.
The Power Of Perception GUARANTEES It...
If you are experiencing poor health conditions, it is due to a perception or belief that you hold at some level regarding your health.
The Power Of Perception GUARANTEES It...
If you are experiencing anything other than healthy and harmonious relationships, it is due to a perceived truth that you hold regarding those relationships which is not in alignment with real truth.
The Power Of Perception GUARANTEES It...
The Real Truth is that ALL there is is Faith and Abundance and Unconditional Love and your life will unfold precisely based on the thoughts and beliefs that you hold which determine the "Faith" of what you'll receive and "Abundance" of.
which determine your individual perceptions. The real truth is that you have been created in the image and likeness of the Source and provided the ability to co-create EVERY event, condition and circumstance whether physically, financially, relationally, emotionally or spiritually and the perceptions that you hold, where YOU choose to focus your attention with regard to each of those life areas will determine with absolute and unwavering certainty how each unfolds.
The Power of Perception with unfailing and unwavering certainty GUARANTEES it.
If you'll look deeply enough you'll begin to discover many perceptions that you currently hold that aren't in alignment with real truth at all. Perceptions that are held based on "traditionally established false beliefs" that were taught to you at various times in life.
Although I completely understand that many of these "perceptions" that you currently hold are the result of beliefs established which were taught to you as children, fully trusting in and believing that what was taught to you was "true", there comes a time when we must analyze and determine for ourselves if these "perceptions" are in alignment with "heartfelt desires" and enabling us to experience the "abundance" that is and always has been available.
At some point it becomes YOUR responsibility to discover these "perceived truths' which are blocking your ability to "receive" and begin to replace them with "Real Truth" if you choose to fulfill "desires" held and live the quality of life intended for you which is limitless in nature.
Your perceptions of truth make them "Your Truth" and as a result your life experiences will unfold perfectly based on those perceptions.
The Power Of Perception will mirror your "inner world" in the physical world and produce results in exact correlation to those perceptions that YOU choose to hold on to.
Here are some common "perceived truths" which are NOT based on "Real Truth."
Money is hard to come by.
You must work hard for the money you earn
Wealth is only for the fortunate few
It takes money to make money
Relationships are difficult and take hard work to keep together, etc. etc. etc.
Here is the Real Truth! You were created in the image and likeness of the Creator whatever you perceive that Creator to be.
You can have "whatsoever ye desire" if only you "believe."
"Faith" is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.
As a man "thinketh", so is he.
These are the REAL TRUTHS people!
What are you "believing" in? What do you have "Faith" will happen? What is your predominant train of "thought" focused on?
The Power Of Perception has the power to and WILL mold and shape your entire existence on earth and will determine precisely how that life experience unfolds. If you don't like what has transpired to this point discover the "Real Truth" concerning why it is the way it is and develop the beliefs, faith and way of thinking that will enable you to change what it is that you are experiencing. Eliminate your self restricting and limiting perceptions of truth and discover REAL TRUTH and you will know what it means to experience heaven on earth.
Quite literally, "The Truth Will Set You Free"
Are you experiencing an Abundance of money?
Do you enjoy great physical health?
Are your relationships, fulfilling, satisfying and mutually rewarding?
Regardless of how you may have answered those questions, whatever is happening in the present, whatever events, conditions, or circumstances that you are currently experiencing in your life are based on a perception that you hold or have held at some point in the past. Change your perceptions about what reality is and your reality will change.
The Power of Perception GUARANTEES it.
That my brothers and sisters explains in the best way that I currently know, to properly convey the importance of The Power Of Perception as it relates to you and your life experience.
You have been provided with an incredible and inalienable gift of free will. You have been given the power to choose how you will utilize that gift without outside interference or judgment.
It is our sincere and heartfelt hope for you that you make the choice to utilize it in a way that brings you Joy, Fulfillment, Inner Peace and Limitless Prosperity in each and every area of your life.
What we choose to refer to as Abundance and Happiness.
“We see the world not as it is, but as we are.”— Ken Keyes
Do You Perceive Yourself As A "Victim"Or A "Creator" Of Circumstance?
Whether Or Not You Realize It, You Already ARE Creating Your Current Reality In EVERY Area Of Your Life…The Majority Are Doing So "Unconsciously"

Are You Finally Ready To Change It?
The Secret Of Deliberate Creation Provides EVERYTHING You'll Need To Become A "Conscious And Purposeful Creator" Of The Events, Conditions and Circumstances Which Make Up YOUR Life Experience
Physically - Financially - Relationally - Emotionally - Spiritually
Harmony and Fulfillment In Life Isn't Just For The "Lucky" Few. It's Your Literal Birthright. You Only Need To Become "AWARE" That It's True
The Secret Of Deliberate Creation Provides You With A Level Of "Self Awareness" That Makes EVERYTHING Possible
Are You TRULY Ready To Experience More?
More Wealth - More Joy - More Satisfaction - More Time FreedomMore Of ALL The Good Things That Life Has To Offer